![]() thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and base of arytenoid cartilageįibrous cartilage is characterized by a high compressive and tensile strength.Hyaline cartilage is usually covered by perichondrium except within joints where it is covered by synovial fluid and can be found in the following locations 1-4: The gross appearance of hyaline cartilage is translucent, glass-like with a pearl-grey to bluish color 1,3. The amorphous ground substance consists of proteoglycans, predominantly aggrecan made of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate that are cross-linked to hyaluronic acid filaments to form aggregates that bind the water 2,3. The collagen network is mainly composed of type 2 collagen fibrils forming the backbone and to a lesser extent of other collagen types providing crosslinks and other functions 1,6. It also contains a high share of amorphous ground substance and a small amount of non-collagenous proteins 1-3. The hyaline extracellular matrix consists of a collagen network making up the highest share of the dry weight. They form only a small part of the whole mass of the hyaline cartilage but are responsible for synthesizing and maintaining extracellular matrix components 2,3.Ībout 60-80% of the hyaline cartilage tissue weight is made up of water bound into the extracellular matrix 1,5. The chondrocytes are characterized by rounded, elliptic or partly angular outlines depending on whether they lie alone or are arranged in groups. It features a low density of chondrocytes surrounded by an abundant extracellular matrix. It can distribute loading forces at a very low frictional resistance, ensuring a smooth motion within joints. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the human body. It is characterized by a firm consistency and a smooth surface. Thus, they also differ in their mechanical and viscoelastic properties 1,2,4. The three types of cartilage vary in their density of the chondrocytes and extracellular matrix composition, including water content, amount of ground substance and elastin fibers and predominant collagen type. The chondrocytes make only a small part of the whole mass of the cartilage but are responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of extracellular matrix components. The extracellular matrix comprises a collagen network with variable amounts of elastin fibers, an amorphous ground substance ample in proteoglycans, a small amount of non-collagenous proteins and interstitial fluid 1-3. It consists of a low density of cells, the chondrocytes surrounded by an abundant extracellular matrix. Generally, cartilage features a relatively simple anatomical structure and does not contain any blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves 1, even though some cartilaginous structures, such as the menisci of the knee, receive a blood supply. ![]()
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